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Trastornos Del Sueno
¿Qué ocurre mientras dormimos?
Spain
Dice el médico especializado en medicina del sueño Eduard Estivill que el sueño es un como taller, pues sirve para repararnos cada noche. Efectivamente, el sueño no es solo un tiempo de descanso para el cuerpo y la mente, sino también para asentar lo aprendido durante el día, es por eso que dicen «conocimiento dormido, conocimiento aprendido».
Varias investigaciones han demostrado que los estudiantes que duermen suficientes horas son capaces de retener mejor los conocimientos adquiridos que aquellos que no duermen lo suficiente. Incluso en el rendimiento de los deportistas se ha demostrado la importancia del descanso físico y mental. Así pues, el hecho de que las horas que dormimos sirvan, entre otras cosas, para asentar los conocimientos adquiridos, nos explica por qué los bebés y niños pequeños necesitan dormir más horas, y a medida que nos vamos haciendo mayores necesitaremos dormir menos horas para poder rendir durante el día. Los bebés reciben nueva información cada día y por tanto deben dormir más para asimilarla y retenerla. Con la edad tenemos más conocimientos y por tanto aprendemos menos por lo que no serán necesarias tantas horas de “reparación”. Además para los niños es especialmente importante dormir pues es durante la noche cuando más se segrega la hormona del crecimiento.
Los ciclos del sueño
En este taller del que nos habla el doctor Estivill, pasamos por diferentes ciclos del sueño, y cada uno de estos ciclos se compone de varias fases que podemos resumir en tres principales:
Una primera etapa de sueño superficial, que ocupará en torno al 50% del ciclo, y la denominamos así porque es un sueño ligero. En esta fase baja notablemente nuestro ritmo cardiaco y respiratorio. Esta etapa empieza por un proceso de adormecimiento, que no se prolongará demasiado si seguimos algunos consejos para conciliar el sueño pronto y no estar dando vueltas en la cama durante mucho tiempo, como no estar expuesto a pantallas de aparatos electrónicos durante al menos una hora y media antes de dormir, o no realizar cenas copiosas.
Tras la fase de sueño superficial entramos en la fase de sueño profundo, la fase de verdadera reparación y descanso. Tendrá una duración en torno al 15% del ciclo del sueño, y es una fase en la que nos costará despertarnos dado que especialmente nuestro cerebro está en su fase de reparación.
Por último llegamos la fase REM, denominada así por su nombre en inglés rapid eye movement (movimiento rápido de ojos). Efectivamente durante ésta etapa realizaremos movimientos muy rápidos con los ojos tras los párpados, y será ahora cuando soñemos. También se le llama fase de sueño paradójico, y tendrá una duración de en torno al 25% del ciclo del sueño.
Cada ciclo del sueño tendrá una duración aproximada de 90-100 minutos, y si dormimos las horas suficientes pasaremos por 4 o 5 cinco ciclos del sueño cada noche. Después de cada una de estas etapas es normal que tengamos micro despertares, aunque no siempre nos acordemos.
¿Se recupera el sueño?
Un mito que se ha extendido mucho ha sido el que afirma que si no duermes suficiente durante la semana, puedes recuperar el sueño durante el fin de semana. Esto no es real, lo que no duermas durante la semana te pasará factura cada día, pero no lo resolverás durmiendo 14 horas el sábado. De hecho la regularidad de horas de sueño es algo recomendable para tu salud física y mental.
Y la siesta ¿qué?
Además del sueño nocturno, estamos biológicamente creados para tener otro periodo de sueño cada día, que no supere los 30-40 minutos, y que los españoles (y cada vez más gente) lo llamamos «la siesta». La siesta al mediodía es por tanto una necesidad biológica, que no solo los humanos practicamos, y que no debe sobrepasar la fase de sueño superficial.
Si el doctor Estivill denomina al sueño como un taller reparador, podemos denominar a la siesta como una parada para echar gasolina.
«Yo por la noche no duermo»
Hay mucha gente que no es capaz de dormirse temprano por las noches y por tanto le es un sacrificio madrugar cada mañana. Esto no es ninguna anomalía ni se debe asociar a personas vagas, es simplemente que algunas personas son más nocturnas y tienen el reloj biológico en modo nocturno. Esto no es ningún trastorno, pero si se desea, se puede intentar sincronizar tu reloj biológico con los efectos ambientales, es decir con las horas de luz del día, poniéndose en manos de médicos especializados en el sueño.
Aunque muchas veces se haya pensado que el sueño es una pérdida de tiempo pues pasamos muchas horas durmiendo (cerca del 30% de nuestra vida la pasamos durmiendo), bien es cierto que si no fuera por las horas de reparación y descanso no podríamos vivir los años que vivimos. Son numerosas las enfermedades relacionadas con la poca calidad del sueño y mayores los beneficios que obtenemos si dormimos cada día lo suficiente.
No le quites importancia al sueño, es tu taller de reparación.
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In the UK, men on average die four to six years earlier than women. They also have a life expectancy of 79.1 years, are significantly less likely to attend routine health screenings, are more likely to delay seeking medical attention for concerning symptoms, and face higher rates of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, liver disease, and suicide.
The dietary patterns, movement habits, sleep, stress management, and relationship with healthcare that men establish can have a profound influence on health outcomes across the lifespan.
Cardiovascular Health
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of premature death in men in the UK, and men develop it on average ten years earlier than women. The protective effect of oestrogen that delays cardiovascular disease in premenopausal women does not apply to men, meaning that risk accumulates from earlier in adulthood.
The key modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include:
high blood pressure
elevated LDL cholesterol
high triglycerides,
insulin resistance,
smoking
excess visceral adiposity
physical inactivity
chronic stress
poor sleep
alcohol use and diet quality
Most of these can be influenced by nutrition and lifestyle, meaning that the everyday choices men make have a significant and compounding effect on their long-term cardiovascular risk.
Dietary patterns most strongly associated with reduced cardiovascular risk include:
Mediterranean diet
diets rich in vegetables and fruit
wholegrains
legumes
olive oil
nuts
oily fish
Focus should fall on predominantly whole food dietary patterns that are balanced, high in fibre and low in saturated fats.
Specific nutrients with the strongest cardiovascular evidence include omega-3 fatty acids, which reduce triglycerides and inflammation, soluble fibre from oats, barley, chia seeds, legumes, certain vegetables and fruit, which reduces LDL cholesterol, potassium from vegetables and fruit, which supports healthy blood pressure, and extra virgin olive oil for its anti-inflammatory properties.
In the UK, men are encouraged to have regular blood pressure and cholesterol screenings from their forties onward, and earlier for those with a family history of cardiovascular disease. Many men have elevated cardiovascular risk markers like LDL cholesterol for years before any symptoms arise, making regular monitoring genuinely important rather than optional.
Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Health
Men are at higher risk of type 2 diabetes than women at equivalent body weights, partly due to the tendency of men to accumulate visceral fat (fat around the internal organs) rather than subcutaneous fat (fat beneath the skin).
Visceral adiposity is metabolically active and drives insulin resistance, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk in ways that subcutaneous fat does not to the same degree.
Type 2 diabetes is largely preventable and in its early stages often reversible through dietary and lifestyle change. The evidence for dietary approaches to improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic health consistently points toward reducing refined carbohydrate and added sugar intake, increasing dietary fibre, eating regular meals with adequate protein, fibre and fat to moderate blood glucose response, and regular physical activity.
Waist circumference is a more informative marker of metabolic risk than body weight or BMI alone. A waist circumference above 94cm in men is associated with increased metabolic risk, and above 102cm with substantially elevated risk.
This is worth knowing not as a point of shame, but as a practical piece of health information that is easy to measure and track.
Dietary quality improvements, increased physical activity, and better sleep can all improve insulin sensitivity and reduce visceral fat independently of changes in overall body weight.
Prostate Health
According to Cancer Research, 1 in 6 men in the UK will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime. When detected early, it is one of the most survivable cancers and so regular screening is particularly important for men over 50 and men with a family history of prostate cancer or with Black African or Caribbean heritage.
In epidemiological research, those who consume diets rich in lycopene, an antioxidant that gives fruits and vegetables like tomatoes, pink grapefruit and watermelon their red pigment, has been linked to a reduced risk of prostate cancer, though evidence is mixed.
Lycopene is significantly more bioavailable from cooked or processed tomatoes than raw, with tomato paste, passata, and canned tomatoes providing more absorbable lycopene than fresh tomatoes.
The overall dietary pattern matters more than any single nutrient. Higher vegetable, fruit and wholegrains intake, adequate zinc, and a predominantly whole food dietary pattern are associated with better prostate health outcomes. Diets high in processed meat and very high in saturated fat are associated with modestly increased risk in large prospective studies.
Testosterone and Hormonal Health
Testosterone levels in men decline gradually from the mid-thirties onward, with research suggesting an average decline of around 1 to 2% per year after age 40. This is a normal part of aging, but the trajectory and rate of decline are influenced by lifestyle factors, meaning that the choices men make in their thirties and forties meaningfully affect their hormonal health in their fifties and beyond.
Several nutritional and lifestyle factors are associated with better testosterone status. Adequate zinc intake is directly relevant: zinc is essential for testosterone synthesis, and deficiency is associated with reduced testosterone levels.
Good sources include shellfish, pumpkin seeds, and legumes. Adequate dietary fat intake, particularly from monounsaturated and saturated fat sources in moderate amounts, supports testosterone production, as testosterone is synthesised from cholesterol.
Vitamin D deficiency, which is widespread in the UK, is associated with lower testosterone levels so correcting any deficiency may improve testosterone status. Maintaining adequate vitamin D year-round through blood work to assess levels and supplementation when needed can therefore be relevant to hormonal health.
Chronic stress elevates cortisol, which directly suppresses testosterone production. This is one of several reasons why stress management is not separate from men's hormonal health but integral to it.
Sleep is equally relevant: testosterone is primarily produced during sleep, and research has found that even one week of sleeping five hours per night reduces testosterone levels by approximately 10 to 15% in young men, a reduction equivalent to ageing ten to fifteen years.
Sleep and Sleep Apnoea
Sleep affects testosterone, cardiovascular health, metabolic function, immune resilience, cognitive performance, emotional regulation, and physical recovery.
Sleep apnoea, a condition in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep, is significantly more common in men than in women, and is associated with fatigue, poor cognitive function, elevated cardiovascular risk, and reduced testosterone. It is frequently undiagnosed because the primary symptom is snoring combined with daytime sleepiness, which many men normalise. If you or your partner have noticed loud or irregular snoring combined with daytime fatigue, discussing this with a GP is worthwhile.
Seven to nine hours of quality sleep per night is the evidence-supported range for most adults. Consistent sleep and wake times, a cool dark bedroom, limiting alcohol, avoiding caffeine after midday, and managing stress are the most consistently evidence-supported sleep hygiene strategies.
Alcohol
Men in the UK drink more alcohol on average than women and are more likely to drink at hazardous or harmful levels. The NHS guidelines recommend no more than 14 units of alcohol per week spread across at least three days, with alcohol-free days each week.
Alcohol at higher intake levels is associated with liver disease, several cancers including colorectal and liver cancer, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, depression, cognitive decline, impaired sleep, reduced testosterone, and reduced fertility.
The relationship between alcohol and health is not linear, and while low-level drinking has historically been associated with some cardiovascular benefits, more recent research applying Mendelian randomisation methods suggests that even moderate drinking carries some increased risk.
This is not about prohibition. It is about honest awareness that alcohol is one of the most significant modifiable risk factors for serious health conditions in men, and that staying within recommended guidelines meaningfully reduces long-term risk.
Engaging With Healthcare
One of the most impactful things men can do for their long-term health is engage proactively with healthcare rather than reactively. This means attending NHS health checks when invited (available to those aged 40 to 74), discussing blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood glucose screening with a GP, being aware of bowel cancer screening (offered to those over 60 in the UK), having conversations about prostate health from the mid-forties onward for those with risk factors, and not dismissing symptoms or delaying seeking help when something feels wrong.
Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men aged 15 to 49 afd is highly treatable when caught early. Regular self-examination and prompt reporting of any lumps or changes to a GP are important habits. Skin cancer rates are higher in men partly due to lower rates of sun protection, and regular skin checks for changing moles or lesions are worthwhile.
Mental Health
Men are less likely to seek help for depression and anxiety, less likely to discuss emotional difficulties with friends or family, and more likely to manage distress through avoidance, alcohol, or other external coping strategies rather than directly addressing the underlying issue. These patterns can have devastating consequences when unaddressed, and they are deeply connected to social norms around masculinity that equate emotional expression with weakness.
The most important message regarding men's mental health is to reach out. To your GP, to a therapist, to a trusted friend, to a helpline and to engage in psychological therapies like CBT and ACT for mental health support.
Closing Thoughts
Men's health is shaped by the accumulation of daily choices across decades: what is eaten, how much movement happens, how sleep is prioritised, how stress is managed, how much alcohol is consumed, and whether medical or mental health care is sought when needed.
None of these are binary or all-or-nothing. Small, consistent improvements in multiple areas compound meaningfully over time.
This article is for educational purposes only and does not replace the advice of a qualified healthcare or nutrition professional. If you're experiencing persistent or severe symptoms, please consult your healthcare provider.
Sources:
https://www.nmcd-journal.com/article/S0939-4753(23)00385-X/fulltexthttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6906176/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11958419/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960076021000716?via%3Dihubhttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8743653/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949789225000881https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13257
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